In 1951, Johns Hopkins was the only hospitals in Baltimore that treated African American patients. Henrietta Lacks, an African American woman, was examined by the doctors at the hospital after she felt a “knot” in her “womb.” After a series of tests at the hospital, Mrs. Lacks was informed she had cervical cancer. She received various treatments which included radiation therapy. But nine months after the diagnosis, Mrs. Lacks was dead.
During her hospital stay, a tissue sample of the cervix was obtained which proved to be cancerous, and sent to the laboratory of Dr. George Otto Gey. He had been working on tissue cultures in his lab at Hopkins attempting to prolong the life cycle of cells in a culture medium, (that is, a preparation of nutrient substances under sterilized conditions used for the growth of cells).
Immortal Cells of Henrietta Lacks (HeLa)
Dr. Gey, working with his wife, Margaret, and Mary Kucibek, developed a cell culture medium with the right nutrient mixture allowing the cells to grow and multiply outside an organism. They placed the cervical cancer specimens of Mrs. Lacks into test tubes with the culture medium and rotated the tubes.
When they looked at the specimens under the microscope, the cancer cells were rapidly dividing and didn’t die. They labeled Mrs. Lacks cancer cells, HeLa cells (pronounced Hee Lah) for the first two letters of her first and last name. They had just created the HeLa Cell Line, a remarkable innovation.
A cell line is a group of cells that reproduce on their own outside of an organism, typically in a lab. It allows scientists to evaluate biochemical reactions without the need for a live human subject.
From the first observations in 1951 to the present day, the HeLa cells continue to reproduce infinitely (immortal cells) with the proper medium and care. Dr. Gey shared his findings, his technique and Mrs. Lacks cells with researchers in the U. S. and in different countries teaching them his methodology without any commercial benefit to himself or Johns Hopkins. The HeLa cell line, which some have called a “medical revolution,” has been instrumental in some of the most significant advancements in modern medicine.
Why Are Henrietta Lack Cells Special?
- “HeLa” cells were the first immortalized human cell line. They could grow rapidly and reproduce endlessly in a lab.
- The immortality of the HeLa cells appeals to biochemical researchers. These cells have been distributed around the world and involved in over 110,000 research publications!
- They have been used to study numerous diseases including cancer and HIV.
- HeLa cells have been instrumental in the develop ent of the polio vaccine and other vaccines, for instance, the HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine to prevent cervical cancer when given before being exposed to the virus.
- Researchers used HeLa Cells to understand how X rays can damage human cells and adversely affect a person’s health.
- HeLa cells went to outer space to help understand how astronauts might react to radiation and space travel.
- The use of these cells have contributed to advancements in the field of genetic research. pharmacology and nutrition.
- These cells have motivated researchers to refine and to continue to develop better cell culture techniques.
- HeLa cells have earned a place in medical and scientific history because of the above and their role in groundbreaking discoveries, for example, in chromosome research, infectious diseases, cell biology and innovative techniques.
Although HeLa cells have contributed significantly to scientific research, their use over the decades has raised several concerns. There have been instances of cross contamination with HeLa cells which can lead to inaccurate research results and misinterpretation.
The story of Henrietta Lacks has brought public attention to the importance of informed consent and patient privacy. She did not consent to having her cells used for biomedical research. It also brought into focus the commercialization of the HeLa “immortal” cells that led to discussions over property rights, social justice and equitable distribution of profits generated from such research.
Dr. Gey benefited from the knowledge and techniques of researchers who came before him. Sir Isaac Newton said, “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Newton meant that modern scientists make strides by taking advantage of the ideas and work of people who came before them. Some might consider Dr. George Otto Gey to have sturdy shoulders.
References
- Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks; Crown, 2010
- Rohini Nott; HeLa Cell Line; The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, 09-18, 2020
- National Institute of Health; Significant Research Advances Enabled by Hela Cells; Oct 20, 2022
This article is intended solely as a learning experience. Please consult your physician for diagnostic and treatment options.